蜷絲球蟲綱

蜷絲球蟲綱
	Capsaspora owczarzaki
科學分類
演化支：	單鞭毛生物 Amorphea
演化支：	OBA 超類群 Obazoa
演化支：	後鞭毛生物 Opisthokonta
總界：	動物總界 Holozoa
演化支：	蜷絲動物 Filozoa
綱：	蜷絲球蟲綱 Filasterea
屬
	快孢子蟲屬（英語：Capsaspora） Capsaspora; 小球蟲屬（英語：Ministeria） Ministeria; Pigoraptor;

蜷絲球蟲綱（學名：Filasterea）是動物總界蜷絲動物下的一個類群，包括小球蟲（英語：Ministeria）與快孢子蟲（英語：Capsaspora）兩類單細胞變形蟲^[1]。蜷絲球蟲在演化樹上為領鞭毛動物（包括領鞭毛蟲和動物界）的姐妹群，此分類單元於2008年基於分子種系發生學的證據提出^[2]^[3]^[4]。

分類[編輯]

快孢子蟲（英語：Capsaspora）僅有單一物種Capsaspora owczarzaki，最早自淡水螺類紅扁蜷（英語：Biomphalaria glabrata）體內採得^[5]^[6]，一度被認為是一種核形蟲^[6]，後經分子證據顯示其與動物較為接近^[7]^[8]，應屬動物總界^[9]；小球蟲（英語：Ministeria）則有Ministeria vibrans（英語：Ministeria vibrans）與Ministeria marisola兩種，為自海水樣本中採得^[10]^[11]。2017年又有另一屬生物Pigoraptor被發表描述，包括Pigoraptor vietnamica與Pigoraptor chileana兩種，皆自淡水湖樣本中採得，分子證據顯示其屬於蜷絲球蟲，且與快孢子蟲關係較近^[4]。

演化樹[編輯]

以下為動物總界與真菌總界生物的演化樹^[12]^[13]^[14]：

後鞭毛生物

真菌總界

核形蟲綱

	泉生蟲目（英語：Fonticulida）

	核形蟲目

動孢菌（英語：Zoosporia）

後孢菌（英語：Opisthosporidia）

Aphelida（英語：Aphelida）

LCNC1

羅茲菌門

羅茲菌（英語：Rozellida）

	Namako-37

	微孢子蟲

真菌界（狹義）

動物總界

中菌動物

Pluriformea（英語：Pluriformea）

	珊瑚壺菌（英語：Corallochytrium）

	Syssomonas

蜷絲動物

蜷絲球蟲綱

聚胞動物

	領鞭毛蟲

	動物界（狹義）

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. Aramayo R , 編. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLOS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 .
^ Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. February 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.
^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 2015-09-21, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 .
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006 .
^ Stibbs, H. H.; Owczarzak, A.; Bayne, C. J.; DeWan, P. Schistosome sporocyst-killing Amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 1979, 33 (2): 159–170. PMID 501126. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(79)90149-6.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Owczarzak, A.; Stibbs, H. H.; Bayne, C. J. The destruction of Schistosoma mansonimother sporocysts in vitro by amoebae isolated fromBiomphalaria glabrata: an ultrastructural study. J Invertebr Pathol. 1980, 35 (1): 26–33. PMID 7365267. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(80)90079-8.
^ Hertel, Lynn A.; Bayne, Christopher J.; Loker, Eric S. The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. gen. nov. sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoea. International Journal for Parasitology. 2002-08-01, 32 (9): 1183–1191. ISSN 0020-7519. PMID 12117501. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00066-8.
^ Zettler LAA, null; Nerad, T. A.; O'Kelly, C. J.; Sogin, M. L. The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2001-05-01, 48 (3): 293–297. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 11411837. S2CID 44548329. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x.
^ Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Inagaki, Yuji; Davis, Lesley A.; Sperstad, Sigmund; Landfald, Bjarne; Roger, Andrew J. Capsaspora owczarzaki is an independent opisthokont lineage. Current Biology. 2004, 14 (22): R946–R947. PMID 15556849. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.037 .
^ Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic Relationships within the Opisthokonta Based on Phylogenomic Analyses of Conserved Single-Copy Protein Domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.
^ Patterson, David J.; Nygaard, Kari; Steinberg, Gero; Turley, Carol M. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 11 May 2009, 73 (1): 67–95. doi:10.1017/S0025315400032653.
^ Silar P. Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes. HAL: 462. 2016 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-02）.
^ Esser K. The Mycota VII A: Systematics and Evolution (2nd ed.). Springer. 2014: 461 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-3-642-55317-2. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-06）.
^ Tedersoo, Leho; Sanchez-Ramırez, Santiago; Koljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Doring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018-02-22, 90 (1): 135–159 [2018-07-17]. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-07）.

[pmid18461162-1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. Aramayo R , 編. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLOS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 .

[2] Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. February 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.

[3] Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 2015-09-21, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 .

[Hehenberger2017-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006 .

[:4-5] Stibbs, H. H.; Owczarzak, A.; Bayne, C. J.; DeWan, P. Schistosome sporocyst-killing Amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 1979, 33 (2): 159–170. PMID 501126. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(79)90149-6.

[:5-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Owczarzak, A.; Stibbs, H. H.; Bayne, C. J. The destruction of Schistosoma mansonimother sporocysts in vitro by amoebae isolated fromBiomphalaria glabrata: an ultrastructural study. J Invertebr Pathol. 1980, 35 (1): 26–33. PMID 7365267. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(80)90079-8.

[7] Hertel, Lynn A.; Bayne, Christopher J.; Loker, Eric S. The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. gen. nov. sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoea. International Journal for Parasitology. 2002-08-01, 32 (9): 1183–1191. ISSN 0020-7519. PMID 12117501. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00066-8.

[8] Zettler LAA, null; Nerad, T. A.; O'Kelly, C. J.; Sogin, M. L. The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2001-05-01, 48 (3): 293–297. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 11411837. S2CID 44548329. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x.

[9] Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Inagaki, Yuji; Davis, Lesley A.; Sperstad, Sigmund; Landfald, Bjarne; Roger, Andrew J. Capsaspora owczarzaki is an independent opisthokont lineage. Current Biology. 2004, 14 (22): R946–R947. PMID 15556849. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.037 .

[pmid21771718-10] Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic Relationships within the Opisthokonta Based on Phylogenomic Analyses of Conserved Single-Copy Protein Domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.

[Patterson_et_al_2009-11] Patterson, David J.; Nygaard, Kari; Steinberg, Gero; Turley, Carol M. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 11 May 2009, 73 (1): 67–95. doi:10.1017/S0025315400032653.

[Silar2016-12] Silar P. Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes. HAL: 462. 2016 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-02）.

[MycotaVIIS&E-13] Esser K. The Mycota VII A: Systematics and Evolution (2nd ed.). Springer. 2014: 461 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-3-642-55317-2. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-06）.

[Tedersoo2018-14] Tedersoo, Leho; Sanchez-Ramırez, Santiago; Koljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Doring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018-02-22, 90 (1): 135–159 [2018-07-17]. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-07）.

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